CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
Wood adhesive is an anisotropic and porous material with many inherited anatomical features. Major features are longitudinal tracheids in softwood species, and vessel elements and longitudinal fibers in hardwood species. The lumens of their cells are large enough to provide a good
pathway for how of liquid resin. Interconnecting pits are often adequate to permit resin how.
However, high-molecular weight resins or occlusions in the pits or lumens may inhibit l
ow. This conglomeration of resin and wood substance is called the “interphase region.” Two substrates, each with its own interphase, and the interface between the substrates, comprise the “bond line.” The geometry of the interphase region varies as a result of many factors, such
as wood adhesive, permeability, porosity, resin viscosity, surface energy, consolidation pressure, and others [1].
A cursory glance through the literature shows the creation of a new or existing wood adhesive, which are seen as research and development activities to improve. Glue in all industrial sectors is a
modern need; it is also important in the furniture industry. Now in the new world “green
living, green thinking” is the order. It needed a lot of research on environmental and human friendly wood adhesive for the new chorus. For example, there are a lot of research works done for the elimination of formaldehyde emissions from particleboard wood adhesive. Wood glue is a major area of importance for industrial and commercial activities. This particular study was made to explain the importance to improve the adhesion strength
wood adhesive production used in this work was the questionnaire work was the gelatinization method. In the production, the optimum gelatinization temperature was found to be 800c while the optimum temperature of dextrin formation is 1400c. The production involves the souring of the starch from
cassava, determination of the various additives employed in the production. The materials used in the production works were sourced in line with the objectives of the research. The following components were used: starch extracted from cassava which is responsible for the adhesion force that holds two bodies together, calcium carbonate (CaCo3) for viscosity improvement, formaldehyde as preservative, natrosol cellulose as a thicker and water as solvent.
Experimental analysis was based on all the factors that influence the stability of a wood adhesive example pH values, viscosity, tack time, boarding strength etc. the values obtained were compared with the standard brands and were found to compare favourable with other standard wood adhesive.
An adequate cost analysis was also carried out to determine the feasibility of the project on a commercial venture. Thus, a locally sourced product (wood adhesive) that can complete with similar product in terms of properties but at a much reduced cost was produced. The shelf life and teak time of the product were determined and found to be good. The wood adhesive was established to be water resistant.
Technology has played an important role in man’s development and thus, has helped to shape the world as it is seen today. This could be seen in all facets of industrial ventures, hence the introduction of new products into the market.
The technique of wood adhesive bonding has come of age. It is not possible to say when the practice was first developed and used. From history, history made us to believe that the first wood adhesive even made or used by man was probably clay, animal glue and resinous exudates from trees, of which is known to go back a very long way over 3300 years ago.
The Egyptians used wood adhesive in wood works and in the production of Papyri. It was during the 19th century that there was technological advancement which led to the sourcing and production of varieties of adhesive. In 1912, F.G Parkins found out that starch could be converted by mild caustic soda solution into a liquid glue that was stable at room temperature.
Most of the popular adhesive currently in use in the country are imported as such the clamour for adhesive that are locally produced has been on primary concern for embarking on this project. It is the aim of this project to produce wood adhesive from local raw materials using maize or corn or cassava as the case study or reference study. Though starch can be extracted from plants for example corn, barley, wheat and potatoes and cassava but for simplicity sake have to be reduced to maize and cassava.
MEANING OF ADHESIVE
There is no universally accepted definition of wood adhesive, however a wood adhesive is defined by its usage. It could be defined a substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment.
The need to hold two or more substances together by surface attachment so that they can be used as a single piece without damage done to the adherents and with more uniform distribution of stress calls for the production of wood adhesive. wood Adhesive development has evolved into a field practically on its own, where the market for more specialized adhesives has emerged.
They are now used for a variety of purposes ranging from packaging materials, book binding, hold wood together, brake lining, where they would have reduced surface to surface contact required. The reasons for joining these surfaces is the get a composite is to effect every handling and create a better outlook.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Letter of transmittal
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Historical background (preamble)
1.2 Meaning of adhesive
1.3 Aims and objectives
1.4 The scope of the project
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW (SURVEY)
2.1 Historical report on adhesives.
2.2 Starch adhesive.
2.3 Adhesives
2.4 Classification of adhesive.
2.5 Factors considered when selecting a wood adhesive.
2.6 Advantages and limitations of the adhesives with respect to mechanical fasteners.
2.7 Adhesion and cohesion.
2.8 Components of adhesives
2.9 Starch.
2.10 Physical properties of starch
2.11 Chemical properties of starch
2.12 Degree isolation of starch
2.13 Adaptation of starch
2.14 Gelatinisation of starch.
2.15 Cassava Starch
2.16 Maize Starch
2.18 Components Of Starch Adhesives And Their Functions
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHOD FOF ANALYSIS.
3.1 Source of materials
3.2 This research work involves.
3.2.1 Extraction of starch from cassava.
3.2.2 Production of wood adhesive from cassava starch.
3.2.2.1Procedure
3.2.3 Analysis
3.2.3.1Bonding Strength Determination
3.2.3.2Melting Point Determination
3.2.3.3Spread ability Test
3.2.3.4Solid content determination
3.2.3.5Ph determination
3.2.3.6Moisture content determination
3.2.3.7Resistance to moiture.
3.2.3.8Shelf life test.
3.2.3.9Viscosity test
3.2.3.1Tack time determination
3.2 Packaging and storage
3.3 Comparing the product with the standard set
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Experimental Results
4.2Comparative with Standards: Parameters for Ranges of Wood Adhesives.
4.2.0Discussions
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1Conclusion.
5.2Recommendations
References
Appendix
