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 EVALUATION OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE ELECTIONS AND SLOW JUSTICE IN NIGERIA

Introduction
Studies exploring the links between democracy and political violence, and in more specific terms, how political violence
undermines democratization have been complex, leading to the need for a critical appraisal. Kaethe Weingarten (2004)
argued that the definition of the term “political violence” remains contestable. It has been presumed that democracies
are a more stable form of government since they do not, for the most part, go to war or promote violent practices (Mintz
and Geva 1993).
However, recent studies demonstrate that democracies are just as prone to violence as other forms of government
(Mearsheimer 1990; Cohen 1994; Spiro 1994; Macmillan 1996). ‘Democracy aims at the exclusion of violence, and
theoretically should render violence unnecessary, since all groups and individuals should be able to express their
views and interests through a process of rational deliberation. Yet this is obviously not always the case’ (Schwarzmantel
2010:1).
Post- Cold War studies on developing democracies of the global South adopt terms such as ‘new wars’ or ‘local
conflicts’ to discuss the resurgence of internal conflicts within states (Kaldor 1999). Douglas Hibbs classified political
violence as behavior that is (1) anti-system in character, (2) has political significance, and (3) involves collective or
“mass” activity (Hibbs 1973). Such analysis includes, but is not limited to, incidents of rioting, militancy, terrorism,
uprisings, separatist agitations, armed insurgency, politically motivated assassinations, arson, hooliganism etc.
In Nigeria, Africa’s largest Democracy, prior to political independence in 1960, colonial Nigeria experienced the
ferment of gender agitation evidenced in the Aba women riot of 1929 (Matera, Bastia, Kingsley –Kent 2011). In 1945,
there was the Jos riot in which northern politicians attacked and killed 200 Igbos living in Jos (Plotnicov 1971). Again,
in 1953 the Kano riot broke out and several lives were lost in Sabongari area of Kano.
The immediate post-independence Nigeria witnessed the Tiv Riots from 1960 to 1964. This was necessitated by the
resilience of the Tiv ethnic nationality against repressive rule of Native Administration (NA), Police Force and native


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