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ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AS A KEY TO POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN ASABA, DELTA STATE)

CHAPTER ONE Introduction   1.1 Background of the study

Poverty alleviation had been the concern of every government in Nigeria through policies and programmes made towards changing the scenario in the country. Despite the effort of government in this direction, the “poverty virus” is getting more entrenched and spreading faster and wider among the populace. Poverty alleviation can be referred to as sustained development. Since development is not seen as a cluster of benefits, which a needy country simply acquires, but as an indigenous process that should rely primarily on the strength and resources of the society concerned, (Thirlwall, 1999). The aim of any poverty alleviation of any government is to achieve lasting improvements in the quality of life and not just short-term improvement that disappear at the end of the project cycle (Adofu and Ocheja 2013).
Poverty alleviation is therefore aimed at maintaining the natural resource base through a process that adapts properly to the natural environment by making appropriate improvement in the social values of the people, (Paul, 2007). According to Okpoko and Ezeadichie, (2003), Adofu and Ocheja (2013) Poverty alleviation refers to sustained improvements in the living conditions of a particular group of people. They posit that poverty alleviation as a concept is closely related to development, which they described as chance process characterized by increased productivity, equalization in the distribution of social products and emergence of indigenous institutions whose relations with the outside world are characterized by equity rather than by dependence or subordination.

Entrepreneurship plays a key role in expanding and diversifying industrial production and also continues to such objectives as employment generation, poverty alleviation improved income distribution and fulfilling basic news of most developing countries (mitchel, 2008). According to Nwachukwu (2000) who stated that entrepreneurship is believed to the engine room for the development of any economy because it forms the bulk of business activities in a growing economy like the Nigerian economy. It constitutes a higher percentage of employment generation opportunities to the economy. The benefits derived from the activities of this sector are enormous to both the entrepreneurs and the Nigerian economy (clark, 2007).

This magnitude of entrepreneurship development activities plays a decisive role in the economic development of the rural livelihood, especially in developed countries, entrepreneurship has always been considered as a potent instrument to fight poverty. As a consequence, poverty alleviation through entrepreneurship development has been in focus over a decade in Nigeria. However despite such initiatives, the state of entrepreneurship development in Nigeria has not yet reached a satisfactory level (smart, 2009). Entrepreneurship is often regarded as a contributing factor to the economic growth especially small and medium scale enterprises (SMES) in developing countries.

Mepherson (2006) said that development programmes aimed at promoting micro entrepreneurship have been a popular alleviation strategy in developing nations for many years starting as early as 1947. Different observations also suggest that the development of the poorest countries happened largely as a result of the economic activity and intensity of the entrepreneurship the financial support for such entrepreneur are commonly called micro –credit (tomori, 2008). There are a number of factors that thwart the development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria Among the factors are poor infrastructural development, political instability, inadequate funds, environmental problems, social and economic factors coupled with the scope of operating SMES. The above problems are sound to hinder the development of entrepreneurship which in turn affects the poverty alleviation programmes of government.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In developing nations like Nigeria, the populaces live below the poverty level of one dollar per day. In view of this, the concept of entrepreneurship development has sprung to tackle problem of poverty in the nation. However, this effort has remained a mirage or rather an illusion. Entrepreneurship development in Nigeria has its major challenges and set back amongst which are lack of funds, poor basic infrastructure, high cost of production difficulty in security loans and many more. All these, if overcome will enhance economy development in Nigeria. Against the dwindling state of entrepreneurship activities in the country, this research work is therefore poised to examine entrepreneurship development as a key to poverty alleviation in the amelioration of entrepreneurship challenges in the country.

1.3    Objective of the study

The main objective of the study is on entrepreneurship as a key to poverty alleviation in Nigeria, while the specific objectives are as follows;

1) To examine the effect of entrepreneurship training and education on poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
2) To examine the effect of sustainable entrepreneurship development on poverty alleviation in Nigeria.
3)To determine the challenges that militates against entrepreneurship development on poverty alleviation in Nigeria.

1.4    Research Question

The study sought to provide answers to the following research questions:

1) What is the effect of entrepreneurship training and education on poverty alleviation in Nigeria?

2) What is the effect of sustainable entrepreneurship development on poverty alleviation in Nigeria?

3) What is the challenges that militates against entrepreneurship development on poverty alleviation in Nigeria?

1.5    Research Hypothesis

The following hypotheses were raised for this research;

1) There is no significant effect of entrepreneurship training and education on poverty alleviation in Nigeria.

2) There is no significant effect of sustainable entrepreneurship development on poverty alleviation in Nigeria.

3) There is no significant challenges that militates against entrepreneurship development on poverty alleviation in Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGES

Title Page    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        i

Approval Page     –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        ii

Certification         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        iii

Dedication  –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        iv

Acknowledgements        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        v

Abstract      –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        vii

List of Tables       –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        viii

Table of Contents          –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        ix

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the Study –        –        –        –        –        –        1
  • Statement of the Problem –        –        –        –        –        3
  • Objectives of the Study – –        –        –        –        –        4
  • Research Questions –        –        –        –        –        –        4
  • Statement of Hypotheses –        –        –        –        –        –        5
  • Significance of the Study –        –        –        –        –        5
  • Scope of the Study –        –        –        –        –        –        6
  • Limitations of the Study –        –        –        –        –        –        6
  • Organization of the Study –        –        –        –        –        7
  • Definition of Terms –        –        –        –        –        –        8

 

          CHAPTER TWO

          REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1     Conceptual Framework           –        –        –        –        –        10

2.1.1  Concept of Entrepreneurship Development         –        –        –        10

2.1.2  Commitment to Opportunities          –        –        –        –        –        12

2.1.3  Reward Philosophies     –        –        –        –        –        –        13

2.1.4  Control of Resources     –        –        –        –        –        –        15

2.1.5 Commitment of Resources       –        –        –        –        –        16

2.2     Theoretical Framework           –        –        –        –        –        18

2.3     Empirical Framework    –        –        –        –        –        –        20

 

          CHAPTER THREE

          RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Design   –        –        –        –        –        –        –        22

3.2     Population of the Study          –        –        –        –        –        –        23

3.3     Sampling Technique      –        –        –        –        –        –        23

3.4     Sample Size          –        –        –        –        –        –        –        23

3.4     Instrumentation    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        25

3.5     Method of Data Analysis        –        –        –        –        –        25

3.6     Problems of Data Collection   –        –        –        –        –        27

 

          CHAPTER FOUR

          DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND   INTERPRETATION

 

  • Analysis of Research Questions –        –        –        –        29
    • Research Question One –       –        –        –        –        –        29
    • Research Question Two         –        –        –        –        –        –        30
    • Research Question Three –        –        –        –        –        31
    • Research Question Four         –        –        –        –        –        –        32
  • Test of Hypotheses –        –        –        –        –        –        33
    • Test of Hypothesis One –        –        –        –        –        –        33

4.2.2  Test of Hypothesis Two          –       –        –        –        –        –        36

4.2.3  Test of Hypothesis Three         –       –        –        –        –        39

4.2.4  Test of Hypothesis Four         –       –        –        –        –        –        42

4.3     Discussion of Findings            –        –        –        –        –        45

  • Scope of the Study –        –        –        –        –        –        6
  • Limitations of the Study –        –        –        –        –        –        6
  • Organization of the Study –        –        –        –        –        7
  • Definition of Terms –        –        –        –        –        –        8

 

          CHAPTER TWO

          REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1     Conceptual Framework           –        –        –        –        –        10

2.1.1  Concept of Entrepreneurship Development         –        –        –        10

2.1.2  Commitment to Opportunities          –        –        –        –        –        12

2.1.3  Reward Philosophies     –        –        –        –        –        –        13

2.1.4  Control of Resources     –        –        –        –        –        –        15

2.1.5 Commitment of Resources       –        –        –        –        –        16

2.2     Theoretical Framework           –        –        –        –        –        18

2.3     Empirical Framework    –        –        –        –        –        –        20

 

          CHAPTER THREE

          RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research Design   –        –        –        –        –        –        –        22

3.2     Population of the Study          –        –        –        –        –        –        23

3.3     Sampling Technique      –        –        –        –        –        –        23

3.4     Sample Size          –        –        –        –        –        –        –        23

3.4     Instrumentation    –        –        –        –        –        –        –        25

3.5     Method of Data Analysis        –        –        –        –        –        25

3.6     Problems of Data Collection   –        –        –        –        –        27

 

          CHAPTER FOUR

          DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND   INTERPRETATION

 

4.1 Analysis of Research Questions –        –        –        –        29

4.1.1 Research Question One –       –        –        –        –        –        29

4.1.2 Research Question Two         –        –        –        –        –        –        30

4.1.3 Research Question Three –        –        –        –        –        31

4.1.4 Research Question Four         –        –        –        –        –        –        32

4.2 Test of Hypotheses –        –        –        –        –        –        33

4.2.1 Test of Hypothesis One –        –        –        –        –        –        33

4.2.2  Test of Hypothesis Two          –       –        –        –        –        –        36

4.2.3  Test of Hypothesis Three         –       –        –        –        –        39

4.2.4  Test of Hypothesis Four         –       –        –        –        –        –        42

4.3     Discussion of Findings            –        –        –        –        –        45

 

 

          CHAPTER FIVE

          SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

          RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1     Summary of Findings    –        –        –        –        –        –        47

5.2     Conclusion –        –        –        –        –        –        –        –        48

5.3     Recommendations         –        –        –        –        –        –        –        49

References

Appendix II

Chart Analysis


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