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PHYTOEXTRACTION OF SOME HEAVY METALS FROM SELECTED METAL DUMPSITES IN ZARIA, NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is on the increase. Contamination has resulted from industrial activities, such as mining and smelting of metalliferous ores, electroplating, gas exhaust, energy and fuel production, fertilizer and pesticide application, and generation of municipal wastes (Kabata Pendias and Pendias, 1989). These have resulted in environmental build up of waste products of which heavy metals are of particular concern (Appel and Ma, 2002). Excessive metal concentration in the soil pose significant hazard to human, animal and plant health, and to the ecosystem in general (Nascimento and Xing, 2006). Heavy metals are conventionally defined as elements with metallic properties (ductility, conductivity, stability as cations, ligand specificity) and with atomic numbers greater than 20 ( Lasat, 2002). The most common heavy metal contaminants are: Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn. Metals are natural components in soil. Due to the potential toxicity and high persistence of metals, soils polluted with these elements constitute environmental problem that requires effective and affordable solution. A number of techniques have been developed to remove metals from contaminated soils such as: solidification and stabilization; soil flushing/washing; electrokinetics; chemical reduction/oxidation; low temperature thermal desorption; incineration; vitrification; pneumatic fracturing; excavation/retrieval and landfill. These physico-chemical technologies used for soil remediation render the land useless as a medium for plant growth, as they remove all biological activities. These methods of disposal solely shift the contamination problem 2 elsewhere along with the hazards associated with transportation of contaminated soil and migration of contaminants from landfill into an adjacent environment.facebook sharing button Sharetwitter sharing button Tweetmessenger sharing button Sharewhatsapp sharing button Shareemail sharing button Email

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